Interior safety

The car's protective body

The first line of protection in a collision is the car's protective body. The front and rear parts of the car consist of so-called crumple zones that are developed to collapse during a collision, so that the sequence of events is slowed down.

In a frontal collision, the car's front crumple zone is compressed to absorb the energy from the impact within the outer parts of the vehicle, rather than being directly transferred to the occupants of the car. In a rear-end collision the car's rear crumple zone is compressed.

In a frontal or rear-end collision the crumple zone is compressed to absorb the energy from the impact

Unfortunately, the sides of the car do not have crumple zones, which means we are much more vulnerable in side-on collisions.

Technological advancement is constantly making our cars safer and safer. A modern car can protect its occupants, if they use their seat belts, in a frontal collision at speeds up to 65-70 km/h and in a side-on collision at speeds up to 45-50 km/h. However, if the technical equipment available (seat belts, airbags, head restraints and backrests etc.) is not used or is used incorrectly, much of the protection that the car's body provides is lost.

Modern cars are much better designed to withstand collisions from the front and rear than from the sides

Your responsibility

As a driver, you must ensure that everyone in the car uses a seat belt correctly, that head restraints and backrests are correctly adjusted and that all cargo is correctly positioned and secured. In the case of children under the age of 15, you as a driver are required by law to ensure that they are properly protected in the car. Failing to do so may lead to a fine.

As a driver, you are responsible for ensuring that children in the car who are under the age of 15 wear a seat belt or sit in the right type of child safety device

Seat belts

A seat belt is designed to minimize damage during a collision or a sudden stop by keeping the car's occupants positioned correctly. It also ensures that the occupants are not thrown out of the car or hit the dashboard or other parts of the car's interior.

Wearing a seat belt and wearing it correctly is the most important protection in the event of an accident. By wearing a seat belt, the risk of being killed or seriously injured in a collision is halved.

When fastening a seat belt, consider the following:

• The seat belt should sit as close to the body and be as tight as possible.
• The seat belt should be worn inside a jacket if you are wearing one.
• The shoulder strap should run close to the neck, over the chest and skeletal parts. The lap belt should be as far down towards the hip as possible.
• Pregnant women should tighten the belt so that the lap belt sits under the belly down towards the thighs.
• The seat belt must not be twisted.

The seat belt should sit as close to the body as possible and must not be twisted

In Sweden, the law requires everyone travelling in a car to wear a seat belt. However, wearing a seat belt is not required in the following cases:

• When the car is not moving.
• When reversing.
• When driving in a parking lot, parking garage, petrol station, workshop area or similar area.
• When there are medical obstacles supported by a medical certificate.

In the best case scenario you can manage a collision at 7 km/h while not wearing a seat beat without being harmed. At higher speeds than that you must wear a seat belt in order to stand a chance, as the forces simply become too powerful. About 40% of all drivers and passengers killed in traffic accidents did not use a seat belt.

For everyone's safety, everyone in the car must be securely fastened. A passenger in the rear seat without a seat belt is not only endangering him or herself, but those in the front as well. A collision at 40-50 km/h is enough for an unbelted rear-seat passenger to be slammed forward with enough force to kill the driver or front-seat passenger.

Unbelted rear-seat passengers can become human missiles in a crash and injure or kill those in the front seats

Force of impact

The force a body is exposed to in a frontal collision is enormous. The impact is often compared to falling from a high-rise building.

A frontal collision at:

• 30 km/h is like falling from the first floor.
• 50 km/h is like falling from the third floor.
• 70 km/h is like falling from the sixth floor.
• 90 km/h is like falling from the tenth floor.

Helmet requirement for certain vehicles

The B class licence gives you the right to drive vehicles other than cars. Some of these vehicles do not have seat belts, such as many mopeds and three and four-wheeled motorcycles. When driving such a vehicle, you must use an approved helmet instead.

When driving a vehicle that does not have a seat belt, you must use an approved helmet instead

The helmet must be E marked and approved according to ECE22:05 or ECE22:06. It is your responsibility as a driver to ensure that passengers under the age of 15 use an approved helmet.

The helmet must also be used correctly: it must sit firmly on the head and be well fastened under the chin. Not using a helmet or not fastening the helmet properly increases the risk of death or serious injury in case of an accident.

Head restraints and backrests

The most common type of injuries caused by traffic accidents are whiplash injuries. They can occur when the head is thrown violently forward and then backward. The most common cause of whiplash injuries is rear-end collisions, but a collision from the front or from the sides can also lead to whiplash injuries.

A properly adjusted head restraint prevents the head from being thrown backwards during a collision, and is an important protection against neck injuries

To reduce the risk of such injuries it is important to maintain distance to the vehicle ahead. It is also important that you and your passengers adjust both head restraints and backrests correctly:

• Adjust the head restraint so that the head cannot be thrown backwards (the upper edge of a head restraint should be at about the same height as the top of your head).
• Adjust the backrest to reduce the distance between the head and the head restraint.

If you realize that your car will be hit from behind, press your head against the head restraint and look straight ahead.

Airbags

An airbag's main task is to protect against face and chest injuries. Airbags are hidden protective cushions that inflate quickly in the event of a more severe collision. In modern cars, there are often airbags in three places: in the driver's seat, in the passenger seat and on the sides.

An airbag is an effective complement to a seat belt, not a replacement. On the contrary, if you do not wear a seat belt when an airbag inflates you will be dangerously close to it. If your face gets in the way during an airbag's split-second deployment it can cause serious or even fatal injuries.

Airbags can save your life if it is used in conjunction with the seat belt

• Airbags are designed to deploy in collisions at  20-30 km/h.
• As a driver you should not sit closer than 25 cm from the airbag.
• Passengers should not sit closer than 50 cm from the airbag.
• Children under 140 cm must never sit in a seat with airbag protection.

Children in the car

The car and the car's protective systems are adapted for adults. Children are smaller than adults, making them more vulnerable during a collision. Therefore all children under 135 cm must sit in a child safety device. Always use child safety devices marked E or i-Size and never place a child safety device in a seat with frontal airbag protection. Side airbags do not present a hazard to children.

Remember that it is the responsibility of the driver to make sure that passengers under 15 wear seat belts or sit in the right type of child safety device.

0-9 months, or until they can sit steadily: Baby seat

• A baby seat must never be placed in a seat with frontal airbag protection.
• If the child's head clears the edge of the baby seat, the seat is too small.
• Do not lean the baby seat too much.
• Secure the child with the baby seat's harness.
• Secure the baby seat with a car's seat belt or an ISOFIX attachment system.
• In the front seat, the baby seat should sit as far away from the dashboard as possible.
• In the back seat, the baby seat should sit as far away from the seat in front of it as possible.

Babies should sit in a baby seat

From 7 months up to at least 4 years: Backward-facing child seat

• A child seat must never be placed in a seat with frontal airbag protection.
• If the child's head clears the edge of the child seat, the seat is too small.
• Secure the child with the child seat's harness. The lap belt should sit over the hip and not over the stomach.
• Secure the child seat with a car's seat belt or an ISOFIX attachment system.
• In the front seat, the child seat should rest against the dashboard.
• In the back seat, the child seat should rest against the back of the front seat.

Many safety experts recommend that children use a backward-facing child seat for as long as possible, preferably to the age of 5 years.

There are also front-facing child seats, but they have a significantly lower protective capacity than backward-facing child seats.

From 4 years at the earliest to 135 cm: Booster seat or booster cushion

• A booster seat or booster cushion must never be placed in a seat with frontal airbag protection.
• If the child is seated in a place without a headrest, a booster seat is better than a booster cushion.
• Secure the booster seat or booster cushion with a car's seat belt.
• The safest position is in the back seat.

Although the law does not require it, it is recommend that children use booster seats or booster cushions up to the age of 10-12.

All children under 135 cm must sit in a child safety device

135-140 cm: As an adult with a seat belt, but not in front of an activated airbag.

Over 140 cm: As an adult with a seat belt.

Exceptions: The basic rule states that all children under 135 cm must sit in a child safety device, but there are two exceptions:

• Children younger than three may sit in the back seat without a child safety device during short taxi journeys.
• Children aged three or older, but shorter than 135 cm, may sit with a seat belt in the back seat during temporary transit over short distances.

Loading correctly

When loading a car it is very important not to exceed the maximum load. The maximum permitted load is stated in the car's registration certificate. The driver does not count as load, but any passengers in the car do.

Even if a car has the highest rating in all safety tests and everyone in the car is wearing a seat belt, no one is safe in a collision if there are loose objects lying around in the car. Therefore you must always ensure the car is loaded correctly:

• Place all objects as low as possible, against the backrest and sides.
• Tightly secure all objects.
• Heavy items should be placed on the floor in the back seat or in the baggage compartment, against the backrest and sides.
• Never place heavy objects above the backrest, even if you have a safety net or grill.
• Use the car's seat belts to secure any items on the back seat.

In the event of a collision, heavy objects that are loaded incorrectly in the baggage compartment can penetrate through the backrest. Lighter objects can also turn into deadly projectiles if they are loose in the car.

Loose objects in the baggage compartment can be turned into deadly projectiles in the event of a collision

Passengers

A private car may be fitted with a maximum of nine seats. One seat for the driver and eight seats for passengers. This means you can never bring more than eight passengers in the car. You also can never bring more passengers than the car is registered for (which is usually less than eight).

The passengers' weight (but not the driver's) is included in the car's maximum permitted load. This means that you are probably not allowed to transport a lot of cargo if you have several passengers in the car.

To calculate how much cargo you can put in the car, if you also have passengers in the car, you simply subtract the passengers' total weight from the car's maximum load.

The picture below shows the part of a car's registration certificate containing the car's maximum load.

If you are going to drive the car to which the registration certificate above belongs and you have a passenger weighing 80 kg in the car you can put a maximum of 376 kg of cargo in the car as 456 kg - 80 kg = 376 kg

Roof boxes

Avoid loading roof boxes with heavy items, which are better stored in the baggage compartment. Never pack more than 100 kg on a car's roof (the weight of the roof racks and roof box should be included).

How much you may pack on the roof of your car is stated in the instruction manual.

Pack light and bulky objects in the roof box, rather than heavy items

Because the roof box sits at the top of the car, it can significantly change the car's driving characteristics. The smaller and lighter the car, the more its driving characteristics are affected. In a worst case scenario, a heavily loaded roof box can also detach during a sudden stop.

Keep the following in mind when driving with a loaded roof box:

• Pack light and bulky objects in the roof box, rather than heavy items
• Make sure that you do not exceed the maximum permitted weight of the roof box or car roof.
• Secure the load in the roof box so that it cannot move.
• Make sure the roof box is firmly attached to the roof rack.

Projecting loads

There is a lot to consider when loading large or heavy items in or on the car, or on a trailer. The load must not diminish the car's or trailer's lighting or obstruct the view of its licence plates. Nor must the load obstruct your visibility or the manoeuvrability of the car.

Projecting loads must in some cases be marked, and loads carried on the car's roof or on a trailer must be secured so that they cannot shift or fall off. Read more about securing loads.

Loads transported on the roof must always be secured and in some cases marked

Snow and ice on the roof are considered as load

Driving with snow and ice on the car's roof is prohibited as it is considered as unsecured load. Snow and ice sheets on the roof can both slide down on the windshield, obscuring your view, and blow backwards, disturbing drivers in vehicles behind. In both cases, this can cause a serious accident.

Which loads must be marked?

A load that projects more than one metre backwards must always be marked.

A load that projects forwards and is not clearly visible must always be marked. A load that projects forwards and is clearly visible must only be marked if it projects more than one metre.

A load that projects sideways does not need to be marked, but it must not project more than 20 centimetres on either side. The total vehicle width, including load, must also not exceed 260 cm.

Since the load on the picture projects more than one metre backwards and one metre forwards, it must be marked at both the back and the front

Loads are permitted to project a maximum of 20 centimetres on either side

How should loads be marked?

During daylight, projecting loads should be marked with a red-yellow flag at both the front and the rear.

During darkness, projecting loads should be marked with a white light and a white reflector at the front and a red light and a red reflector at the rear.

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